The concepts involved in promoting a mature structure for software platforms and applications can be quite intricate. Enterprises worldwide face challenges related to managing their critical assets, establishing service definitions and service-level agreements (SLAs), and developing a management system to keep track of all their assets.1 Therefore, enterprises must be methodical and examine their asset management capabilities from the perspectives of risk optimization, resource planning and benefits realization. Considerations include communicating incidents and issues to stakeholders, managing software licenses, adhering to maintenance schedules, and potentially using remote access services for troubleshooting and diagnostic purposes.2, 3 Notably, there is a growing dependence on third parties and a need to ensure the existence of security and privacy controls via administrative and technical safeguards and countermeasures. Ultimately, this means that enterprises need to establish mature inventories of their software platforms and applications and tailor their governance systems based on their strategies, goals, risk profiles and current IT issues.4, 5
The COBIT® governance framework and the frameworks devised by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the Center for Internet Security (CIS) can be used to address common issues facing enterprises from the vantage point of governance cybersecurity.6, 7 A combination of strategic, operational and tactical controls can be used to address pain points such as obtaining senior management buy-in and stakeholder engagement and securing business processes via modern technologies and security best practices.8, 9, 10, 11 Subsequently, COBIT’s design factors can be used to replicate real-life scenarios that commonly occur in enterprises.12
Starting From the Strategic Level
Before delving too deeply into the governance system’s operational and tactical implementation, an enterprise’s key stakeholders must be consulted. The goal is to obtain a clear understanding of the enterprise’s strategy, goals, risk profile and current IT issues during these working sessions.13, 14 For this demonstration, only step 1 of the governance system design workflow (figure 1) is discussed.
Source: ISACA®, COBIT® 2019 Framework: Designing an Information and Technology, USA, 2018. Reprinted with permission.
Understanding the Enterprise Context and Strategy
Questionnaires, interviews, surveys or meetings can be used to determine which archetype best represents the enterprise’s strategy. In COBIT’s Enterprise Strategy Design Factor, there are four primary archetypes:
- Growth/acquisition
- Innovation/differentiation
- Cost leadership
- Client service/stability
Each archetype has its own set of prioritized governance and management objectives and controls (figure 2). These will become more relevant as the governance system is expanded throughout the operational and tactical levels.
Source: ISACA®, COBIT® 2019 Framework: Designing an Information and Technology Governance Solution, USA, 2018. Reprinted with permission.
COBIT 2019 in Action
This scenario involves an enterprise that has recently performed an assessment and discovered that its archetype best reflects the growth/acquisition model. The governance professional must now identify the prioritized governance and management objectives and controls associated with this archetype. At the strategic level, controls are known as processes and are geared more toward IT governance stakeholders, senior management and the board of directors (BoD).15, 16, 17, 18, 19 Figure 3 reflects only the highest-priority objectives associated with the growth/acquisition archetype.
Source: ISACA®, COBIT® 2019 Framework: Designing an Information and Technology Governance Solution, USA, 2018. Reprinted with permission.
After determining the enterprise’s strategic plan, the practitioner should focus on the primary goals that enable the enterprise to execute that plan. Once these goals are identified, they can be organized based on COBIT’s Enterprise Goals Design Factor by considering whether each goal is a financial, customer, internal or growth dimension of the balanced scorecard (BSC). A BSC is used to map an enterprise’s goals to IT alignment goals, metrics and actual results.20, 21 Use this step to cascade the enterprise’s goals into IT alignment goals (figure 4). For example, an enterprise that focuses on the growth dimension of the BSC would prioritize realizing benefits through its services portfolio, ensuring that IT services are in line with business requirements, and enabling business processes by integrating applications and technology.22 Next, these IT alignment goals are mapped to COBIT’s governance and management objectives (figure 5), enabling the practitioner to determine which controls are applicable at the operational and tactical levels. This exercise explains how governance and management objectives and their associated components can satisfy the requirements of enterprise goals and objectives by aligning with IT goals.
Source: Adapted from ISACA®, COBIT® 2019 Framework: Designing an Information and Technology Governance Solution, USA, 2018. Reprinted with permission.
Source: Adapted from ISACA®, COBIT® 2019 Framework: Designing an Information and Technology Governance Solution, USA, 2018.
By now, the overall approach should start to make sense from a governance perspective. Governance professionals are encouraged to continue with the other steps in the governance design workflow and use design factors such as the risk profile and threat landscape to determine which objectives and controls an enterprise should consider.
Creating a Cybergovernance Design
Once all the relevant design factors have been applied, it is time to begin integrating the governance framework with cybersecurity best practices. Use cybersecurity industry frameworks such as those developed by NIST, ISO and CIS to translate COBIT’s strategic governance controls into operational and tactical controls. For example, when developing a cyberresilient strategy for software platforms and application inventory, one should start by highlighting two of the most critical strategic objectives (figure 6):
- Build, Acquire and Implement (BAI) 09.02 Manage critical assets
- BAI09.05 Manage licenses
Source: Adapted from ISACA®, COBIT® 2019 Framework: Designing an Information and Technology Governance Solution, USA, 2018.
Although the focus here is on process and controls, it is vital to consider other components when selecting governance and management objectives.23 For example, for each process or control, consider the following:
- Principles, policies and framework—Will ISO or NIST be used for operational controls?
- Organizational structure—Have the responsible, accountable, consulted and informed (RACI) entities been identified for each process or control?
- Processes—What are the controls at the operational and tactical tiers?
- Information—Have both inputs and outputs been considered?
- People, competency and skills—What skills are necessary to implement these processes and controls? The NICE Cybersecurity Workforce Framework 24 and the Skills Framework for Information (SFIA)25 can be used to help determine the needed skills.
- Culture, ethics and behavior—Could pseudocultures or anticollaboration impede success?
- Services, infrastructure and applications—Which services and technologies will be used to implement these processes and controls?
It is important to pay close attention to the supplemental guidance that is available such as industry references including the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Framework, specifically their components, principles and points of focus.26, 27, 28
Tackling Governance at the Operational Level
At the level of operational implementation, enterprises may choose between International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) 27001/27002 and NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-53 Revision 5. It is a good idea to perform a gap analysis between the two to determine the most objective and reasonable set of controls for the enterprise.
ISO/IEC 27001/27002
ISO helps enterprises secure their data, develop robust security and privacy controls, and meet their organizational objectives.29 For ISO, there are three relevant operational controls (figure 7):
- A.12.5.1—Installation of software on operational systems
- A.8.1.1—Inventory of assets
- A.8.1.2—Ownership of assets
Source: Adapted from ISACA®, Implementing the NIST Cybersecurity Framework Using COBIT® 2019.
These controls are vital in helping organizations manage their software platforms and applications. They focus on maintaining an up-to-date list of authorized and unauthorized software, establishing clear ownership and accountability, and ensuring that IT-enabled investments are managed throughout their economic life cycle to generate value.30
NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5
NIST SP 800-53 is a collection of security and privacy safeguards and countermeasures to defend enterprises, personnel and organizational assets from various types of threats, risk and human error.31 At the operational level, NIST recommends the following controls for software platforms and applications (figure 8):
- CM-8—System component inventory
- PM-5—System inventory
- CM-12—Information location
- CM-12(1)—Information location/automated tools to support information location
Source: Adapted from ISACA®, COBIT® 2019 Framework: Designing an Information and Technology Governance Solution, USA, 2018.
NIST suggests implementing centralized system component inventories such as asset management systems and configuration management databases (CMDBs). These types of solutions ensure that the configuration items (CIs) or other related identifiers track system names, system owners, versioning, licenses, upstream and downstream dependencies, and network-related information. Knowing where assets are located at all times is crucial and sometimes regulated by external mandates.32, 33, 34 This information enables enterprises to understand where data are being stored, processed and transmitted. It also relates to the critical nature and sensitivity of data and ensuring that the right level of control is present. When implementing NIST controls, practitioners should always reference the supplemental guidance (other publications and documents) provided, which can help with the successful implementation of safeguards and the development of assessment criteria for auditors.
Rolling Up Sleeves and Getting Tactical
Many enterprises stop at the operational level from both an implementation and a review (audit) perspective. Frameworks are prevalent in the cybersecurity and assurance disciplines, yet they require a great deal of technical competence to ensure that professionals interpret them accurately. There are many tactical control frameworks that can empower the enterprise to translate strategic and operational controls into actual configuration parameters for operating systems, applications, networking infrastructure and cloud platforms.
MANY ENTERPRISES STOP AT THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL FROM BOTH AN IMPLEMENTATION AND A REVIEW (AUDIT) PERSPECTIVE.
Center for Internet Security: The Tactical Solution
for Governance
CIS 20 is a set of 20 critical security control
objectives that enterprises can employ to build
secure and resilient infrastructures to prevent
threats, reduce vulnerabilities and establish security
control baselines.35 The CIS 20 are divided into
subcontrols that can be applied at a more granular
level for different types of technologies. These
security baselines (benchmarks) enable
organizations to comply with international, national,
state and local mandates. The CIS framework
allows cybersecurity teams to build security into the
design instead of bolting it onto the solution later. It
can help enterprises build hardened images,
applications and networking infrastructure, and
support vulnerability management teams by running
benchmark compliance scans in conjunction with
vulnerability scans. For both implementers and
auditors, this is an ideal tool. It frees up time and
resources, addresses technical proficiency gaps,
and enables enterprises to incorporate security by
design earlier in the overall economic life cycle.
At the bottom of the hierarchy lie the configuration
parameters necessary to implement governance
and management objectives and security controls.
The following critical security controls (CSCs)
enable enterprises to address the tactical issues
associated with the proper inventory of software
platforms and applications (figure 9):
- CSC-2.1—Maintain inventory of authorized software
- CSC-2.2—Ensure that software is supported by vendor
- CSC-2.4—Track software inventory information
- CSC-2.5—Integrate software and hardware asset inventories
Source: Adapted from ISACA®, Implementing the NIST Cybersecurity Framework Using COBIT® 2019, USA 2019.
Incorporating Controls Into Technology
The CIS Apache HTTP Server 2.4 Benchmark can
identify the configurations associated with
the controls.36
For example, configuration parameter 1.3—Ensure Apache Is Installed from the Appropriate Binaries (figure 10)—aims to verify that the enterprise is leveraging vendor-supplied binaries that have been tailored for the operating system’s environment, have undergone quality assurance testing and automation, and obtained the latest security updates to reduce the risk of compromise. This configuration parameter within the benchmark also provides instructions on how to implement the control. Moreover, IT auditors who do not have strong technical backgrounds can review controls against CIS benchmarks to gain reasonable assurance that the appropriate configurations are in place.
CIS Apache HTTP Server 2.4 Benchmark Version 7
The following lists the overall objectives of this
specific configuration parameter:
- Maintain inventory of authorized software— Maintain an up-to-date list of all authorized software that the enterprise requires for any business purpose on any business system.
- Ensure that software is supported by vendor— Ensure that only software applications or operating systems currently supported by the software vendor are added to the enterprise’s authorized software inventory. Unsupported software should be tagged as unsupported in the inventory system.
Notably, CIS offers an automated solution that can be deployed from a centralized server via vulnerability management software. Alternatively, one can simply download the CIS-CAT Pro Assessor and scan the enterprise system’s configuration against the benchmark.
Conclusion
There are many ways to take a governance program to the next level and mitigate business and IT communication issues. The proposed guidelines herein should not be viewed as an exhaustive list of controls, as they do not include all the safeguards, design factors and various nuances necessary to build a holistic governance structure. Those interested in building a control framework from a hierarchical perspective must be well versed in COBIT, ISO, NIST, CIS, and potentially other frameworks such as MITRE ATT&CK, Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP), COSO Internal Controls and COSO ERM.
In many cases, there is a contrived relationship between the business and IT communities because of previous failed initiatives or the perception that IT contributes little to the business’s overall success. Establishing a governance framework at the strategic, operational and tactical levels can help the business process owners and IT communities speak the same language and encourage the enterprise to evolve, innovate and compete at a higher level. Furthermore, the business should focus on benefits delivery, a managed portfolio and agreement on the definition of requirements.37, 38, 39 The governance and control frameworks do not function in isolation. They are inextricably bound and have a cumulative relationship with and a reciprocal influence on each other. For example, if an enterprise is having trouble implementing operational and tactical controls, those controls can be mapped to the COBIT hierarchy to identify common issues and objectives that should be presented to senior management. The next time someone says an enterprise is an ISO or NIST organization, a CIS 20 adopter or a COBIT framework shop, practitioners would be positioned to proudly proclaim to be all of the above.
Endnotes
1 Joint Task Force Interagency Working Group, Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations: Revision 5, NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-53, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA, 2020, https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-53/rev-5/final
2 ISACA®, COBIT® 2019 Framework: Designing an Information and Technology Governance Solution, USA, 2018, https://www.isaca.org/resources/cobit
3 Op cit Joint Task Force Interagency Working Group
4 Center for Internet Security (CIS), Cybersecurity Best Practices: CIS Controls and CIS Benchmarks, USA, 2021, https://www.cisecurity.org/cybersecurity-best-practices/
5 Op cit Joint Task Force Interagency Working Group
6 ISACA, Implementing the NIST Cybersecurity Framework Using COBIT® 2019, USA, 2019, https://store.isaca.org/s/store#/store/browse/detail/a2S4w000004KoZREA0
7 International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO/IEC 27002, Information Technology: Security Techniques: Code of Practice for Information Security Controls, Switzerland, 2013, https://www.iso.org/standard/54533.html
8 ISACA, COBIT® 2019 Framework: Governance and Management Objectives, USA, 2018, https://www.isaca.org/resources/cobit
9 Op cit ISACA, COBIT 2019 Framework: Designing an Information and Technology Governance Solution
10 ISACA, COBIT® 2019 Implementation Guide: Implementing and Optimizing an Information and Technology Governance Solution, USA, 2018, https://www.isaca.org/resources/cobit
11 ISACA, COBIT® Framework: Introduction
and Methodology,, USA, 2018, https://www.isaca.org/resources/cobit
12 Op cit ISACA, COBIT 2019 Framework: Designing an Information and Technology Governance Solution
13 Ibid.
14 Op cit ISACA, COBIT 2019 Framework: Implementation Guide
15 Op cit ISACA, COBIT 2019 Framework: Governance and Management Objectives
16 Op cit ISACA, COBIT 2019 Framework: Designing an Information and Technology Governance Solution
17 Op cit ISACA, COBIT 2019 Framework: Implementation Guide
18 Op cit ISACA, COBIT 2019 Framework: Introduction and Methodology
19 Op cit ISACA 2019
20 Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), COSO Enterprise Risk Management: Integrating With Strategy and Performance, USA, 2017
21 Sobel, P. J.; Managing Risk in Uncertain Times: Leveraging COSO’s New ERM Framework, Internal Audit Foundation, USA, 2018
22 Op cit ISACA, COBIT 2019 Framework: Designing an Information and Technology Governance Solution
23 Op cit ISACA, COBIT 2019 Framework: Introduction and Methodology
24 Petersen, R.; D. Santos; M. C. Smith; K. A. Wetzel; G. Witte; NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-181 Revision 1, Workforce Framework for Cybersecurity (National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education [NICE] Framework), National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA, November 2020, https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-181r1.pdf
25 SFIA Foundation, Skills Framework for the Information Age 7: The Complete Reference, UK, 2018
26 Op cit COSO
27 Op cit ISACA 2019
28 Op cit Sobel
29 Op cit International Organization for Standardization
30 Ibid.
31 Op cit Joint Task Force
32 Op cit Center for Internet Security
33 Op cit Committee of Sponsoring Organizations
33of the Treadway Commission
34 Op cit Joint Task Force
35 Op cit Center for Internet Security
36 Ibid.
37 Op cit ISACA COBIT 2019 Framework: Designing an Information and Technology Governance Solution
38 Op cit ISACA COBIT 2019 Framework: Implementation Guide
39 Op cit ISACA ISACA 2019
Blake Curtis, CISA, CRISC, CISM, CGEIT, CDPSE, CISSP
Is a global business risk and security engineer for Deloitte Global and a research scientist. He has more than 10 years of experience in engineering, networking, virtualization, IT service management, cybersecurity and risk management and more than 20 industry certifications across diverse disciplines. Curtis is currently completing his Ph.D. in cybersecurity at Capitol Technology University (Washington, DC, USA). He can be reached at https://www.linkedin.com/in/reginaldblakecurtis/.